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交聯聚(ju)乙烯絕緣(yuan)（XLPE）海(hai)(hai)(hai)底電(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)開展于(yu)上世紀80年代，大都用于(yu)220kV及以下電(dian)壓等級［1］，其制作(zuo)和運轉經(jing)歷還遠不如充(chong)(chong)油海(hai)(hai)(hai)底電(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)．截(jie)止(zhi)到(dao)現在(zai)，電(dian)壓等級Z高的(de)XLPE溝通海(hai)(hai)(hai)底電(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)是耐克(ke)森（NEXANS）公司正在(zai)為坐落挪威海(hai)(hai)(hai)的(de)大型(xing)OrmenLange天(tian)然(ran)氣(qi)田設備的(de)2.2km長(chang)的(de)420kV4根單心海(hai)(hai)(hai)底電(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)．500kV溝通長(chang)間隔海(hai)(hai)(hai)底電(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)，現在(zai)運用的(de)僅(jin)有充(chong)(chong)油電(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)．

與充油電纜比較，XLPE電纜具(ju)有以下長(chang)處：

①XLPE電纜是固體絕緣，不需(xu)雜亂的充油體系，不需(xu)要檢測(ce)油位、操(cao)控油壓，運轉費用低；

②XLPE電纜沒有鉛(qian)護套(tao)，曲折(zhe)半(ban)徑(jing)小、質量輕(qing)，可出產(chan)、敷設的長度更長，且(qie)在敷設設備和運送時都要(yao)比充油電纜簡略；

③XLPE海(hai)(hai)底(di)(di)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣功能(neng)和(he)機械(xie)功能(neng)也都優于(yu)充油電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)．正(zheng)因如此，XLPE絕(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)海(hai)(hai)底(di)(di)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)的(de)(de)開展有(you)著更(geng)寬廣的(de)(de)遠景，但(dan)也有(you)很多技術(shu)問(wen)題需要處(chu)理．一(yi)般的(de)(de)交聯聚(ju)(ju)乙烯(xi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)在直流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓作用(yong)下，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)絕(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)中的(de)(de)空間(jian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)荷(he)會在某處(chu)會集，然后構成(cheng)此處(chu)部分場強(qiang)(qiang)過高(gao)而被擊穿．在絕(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)資料中選用(yong)增加劑能(neng)夠(gou)減(jian)緩電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)絕(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)中空間(jian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)荷(he)累積，使得交聯聚(ju)(ju)乙烯(xi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)能(neng)夠(gou)用(yong)于(yu)直流高(gao)壓供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)．2002年，榜首根擠包(bao)型(xing)單心直流海(hai)(hai)底(di)(di)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)（輕型(xing)直流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)，瑞典ABB），電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓±150kV，長(chang)度(du)40km，容(rong)量330MW，用(yong)于(yu)銜(xian)接(jie)紐約長(chang)島和(he)美國的(de)(de)康涅(nie)狄格．這(zhe)種直流海(hai)(hai)底(di)(di)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)選用(yong)3層(ceng)聚(ju)(ju)合(he)資料揉捏成(cheng)單極性電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)，表里屏蔽層(ceng)與絕(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)層(ceng)一(yi)起(qi)揉捏，具有(you)高(gao)強(qiang)(qiang)度(du)、環保和(he)便于(yu)埋葬等長(chang)處(chu)，適用(yong)于(yu)深海(hai)(hai)等惡劣環境。

XLPE絕緣直流(liu)海底電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜現Z高電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)可(ke)(ke)達320kV溝通(tong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜絕緣中(zhong)的等效電(dian)(dian)(dian)容隨電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜長度(du)增(zeng)加(jia)而增(zeng)大，在能(neng)量傳輸過程中(zhong)，等效電(dian)(dian)(dian)容與電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)間不停地進行(xing)著充電(dian)(dian)(dian)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，其充電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)可(ke)(ke)到達極大值而影響(xiang)正常有功負(fu)荷的傳輸，所以溝通(tong)海底電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜有個理論上的極限

傳輸(shu)間隔，多個跨海工程標明(ming)，該(gai)間隔約為40km［3］，超越這個間隔，選用溝通傳輸(shu)電(dian)能就不(bu)具經濟性(xing)了．而直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)纜長度(du)不(bu)受充電(dian)電(dian)流(liu)(liu)約束，無需無功補償設備(bei)，制作設備(bei)簡潔(jie)，介損和(he)導體損耗(hao)小(xiao)，有(you)著杰出的(de)市場遠景．但高壓直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)海底電(dian)纜還有(you)如空間電(dian)荷堆集(ji)機理(li)及其(qi)按捺辦法、直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)壓下的(de)絕(jue)緣老(lao)化機理(li)、新開(kai)發絕(jue)緣資(zi)料(liao)的(de)長時間穩定性(xing)，部分放電(dian)的(de)影響(xiang)等很多問題有(you)待研討處理(li)．"

一(yi)般超(chao)高壓溝(gou)通海底電(dian)纜都(dou)是單(dan)心的(de)，但(dan)由于3心溝(gou)通海底電(dian)纜能夠(gou)節約出產和(he)敷設的(de)費用，所(suo)以大截(jie)面、

高電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)等(deng)級的3心XLPE溝通海(hai)底電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)也在逐步(bu)推廣．2008年，耐克森(sen)公司在加(jia)拿大敷設(she)了國(guo)際(ji)上(shang)榜首根電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)達245kV的3心XLPE絕(jue)(jue)緣海(hai)底電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)．聚乙(yi)烯(xi)（PE）絕(jue)(jue)緣電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)和(he)EPR（乙(yi)丙橡皮）絕(jue)(jue)緣電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)乙(yi)丙橡皮電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)與XLPE電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)（tgδ≤0.0005）比較(jiao)，介損正切值tgδ、和(he)介電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)常數ε都比較(jiao)大，但與聚乙(yi)烯(xi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)比較(jiao)更能避免樹枝(zhi)及部分放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，一(yi)般只用于(yu)中(zhong)等(deng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)的海(hai)底電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)．到現在為止(zhi)，Z高等(deng)級的乙(yi)丙橡皮海(hai)底電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)是2001年設(she)備(bei)在意(yi)大利威尼斯－穆拉諾－梅斯特(te)（Venezia-Murano-Mestre）的150kV海(hai)底電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)．

充氣式電纜

充(chong)(chong)氣(qi)(qi)式(shi)(shi)海底(di)(di)電(dian)纜在結構上與充(chong)(chong)油電(dian)纜很類似，也運用(yong)(yong)預先浸漬好的(de)紙帶(dai)做絕緣，再(zai)充(chong)(chong)入(ru)帶(dai)壓力的(de)氮氣(qi)(qi)，帶(dai)壓力的(de)氣(qi)(qi)體填充(chong)(chong)了(le)紙帶(dai)間的(de)空地，提高了(le)擊穿電(dian)壓．充(chong)(chong)氣(qi)(qi)式(shi)(shi)海底(di)(di)電(dian)纜可用(yong)(yong)于交直流輸(shu)電(dian)，它比(bi)充(chong)(chong)油式(shi)(shi)電(dian)纜更(geng)適合(he)于較(jiao)長的(de)海底(di)(di)電(dian)纜網(wang)．但由于需在深水(shui)下運用(yong)(yong)高氣(qi)(qi)壓操(cao)作(zuo)，故此增加了(le)規劃電(dian)纜及其配(pei)件的(de)困難，該(gai)電(dian)纜一般限于水(shui)深為300m以內．

海底電纜的相(xiang)關(guan)技術問題

海底電纜的防水

當機(ji)械應力或外(wai)力構成電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)護(hu)套及絕緣損(sun)害、接頭損(sun)壞時，潮氣(qi)或水(shui)(shui)分會沿著電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)縱向和(he)(he)(he)徑(jing)向空(kong)(kong)隙(xi)(xi)浸入，下(xia)降絕緣的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)氣(qi)強(qiang)(qiang)度，因(yin)而大都(dou)高壓(ya)(ya)海底(di)電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)都(dou)具有避免水(shui)(shui)分侵略的(de)(de)縱向、徑(jing)向防水(shui)(shui)辦法．徑(jing)向辦法首要(yao)是(shi)在絕緣屏(ping)蔽和(he)(he)(he)金(jin)屬屏(ping)蔽層外(wai)面繞包半導(dao)電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)水(shui)(shui)脹大帶，在金(jin)屬屏(ping)蔽層外(wai)面增加(jia)金(jin)屬防水(shui)(shui)層即金(jin)屬護(hu)套，中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)壓(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)電(dian)(dian)場強(qiang)(qiang)度相對較低，一(yi)般運用(yong)(yong)鋁塑(su)復(fu)合(he)(he)護(hu)套，也(ye)有僅(jin)用(yong)(yong)聚(ju)合(he)(he)物護(hu)套的(de)(de)，高壓(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)則選用(yong)(yong)鉛、鋁、不銹鋼(gang)的(de)(de)金(jin)屬密封套．聚(ju)合(he)(he)物護(hu)套具有防水(shui)(shui)性，但(dan)卻有必定(ding)的(de)(de)吸(xi)水(shui)(shui)率，這是(shi)由(you)(you)于其(qi)結(jie)構首要(yao)是(shi)由(you)(you)結(jie)晶(jing)相和(he)(he)(he)無定(ding)形(xing)相組(zu)成的(de)(de)半結(jie)晶(jing)高聚(ju)物．結(jie)晶(jing)相結(jie)構緊湊(cou)，無定(ding)形(xing)相中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)分子(zi)擺放疏松，分子(zi)間存在較大的(de)(de)空(kong)(kong)隙(xi)(xi)．在交變電(dian)(dian)場的(de)(de)作用(yong)(yong)下(xia)，極性的(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)分子(zi)不斷來(lai)回翻轉，能夠透過空(kong)(kong)隙(xi)(xi)和(he)(he)(he)晶(jing)界缺點處滲透到(dao)絕緣資(zi)料中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)．選用(yong)(yong)聚(ju)合(he)(he)物護(hu)套時，護(hu)套里要(yao)加(jia)具有吸(xi)水(shui)(shui)作用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)阻(zu)水(shui)(shui)劑．

縱向阻(zu)水(shui)(shui)首要(yao)選用(yong)(yong)①壓緊型線心(xin)；②在(zai)導(dao)線之間和纜(lan)心(xin)屏蔽區增(zeng)加阻(zu)水(shui)(shui)性(xing)物質(zhi)(zhi)，阻(zu)斷水(shui)(shui)分在(zai)纜(lan)心(xin)中(zhong)的(de)分散(san)(san)通(tong)道．縱向阻(zu)水(shui)(shui)選用(yong)(yong)阻(zu)水(shui)(shui)粉填充作用(yong)(yong)好，它的(de)吸水(shui)(shui)量為本身的(de)幾十倍(bei)甚(shen)至(zhi)幾千倍(bei)，吸水(shui)(shui)強度大(da)、脹(zhang)大(da)率高(gao)，吸水(shui)(shui)后可敏捷脹(zhang)大(da)構成凝膠(jiao)狀(zhuang)物質(zhi)(zhi)，堵塞滲(shen)水(shui)(shui)通(tong)道，停止水(shui)(shui)分和潮(chao)氣(qi)的(de)進一步分散(san)(san)和延伸，使受潮(chao)電纜(lan)的(de)長度降到Z低(di)。